14th April 2026

Matter

  1. Anything with mass and occupies space.  
  2. Made of tiny particles called molecules.  
  3. 3 states: Solid, Liquid, Gas. Arrangement of particles varies in each state.

Solids  

  • Particles: Closely packed, no space between them, cannot move around.  
  • Shape & Volume: Fixed shape and definite volume.  

Properties:  

  1. Hard and rigid.  
  2. Do not flow.  
  3. Keep fixed size and shape when transferred between containers.  

Examples: Chair, table, book, rubber band, sponge, sugar crystal, common salt.  

LIQUIDS
  • Particles: Loosely packed → can move freely or flow.
  • Shape & Volume: No fixed shape, takes shape of container. Has definite volume.

Properties: 
  1. Flow from higher level to lower level.
  2. Particles are loosely packed.

Examples: Milk, water, oil, juice, petrol, diesel.

GASES

  • Particles: Very loosely packed with lot of vacant space → move freely in all directions.
  • Shape & Volume: No fixed shape or volume. Occupy all available space.

Properties:

  1. Have definite mass.
  2. Flow freely in all directions.
  3. Cannot be seen but can be felt.

Examples: Air, water vapour, cooking gas. Oxygen gas in cylinders.

SOLUTION

  • Made by dissolving solid in liquid.
  • Solution = Mixture where substances are evenly spread and mixed.
  • Solvent: Substance which dissolves another. Ex: Water
  • Solute: Substance which is dissolved. Ex: Sugar

Example: Sugar (solute) + Water (solvent) → Sugar syrup (solution)